PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS

We often use verbs with the following words:

IN            ON              UP                 AWAY            ROUND          ABOUT        OVER          BY
OUT        OFF            DOWN          BACK           THROUGH      ALONG       FORWARD

So you can say  put out /  get on  / take off  / run away etc. These verbs are phrasal verbs.

We often use out / off / up, etc. with verbs of movement. For example:

Get on:                    The bus was full. We couldn´t get on.

Come back:            Sally is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.

Turn round:           When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.


But often the second word (out / off / up, etc) gives a special meaning to the verb. For example:

Break down:         Sorry. I am late. The car broke down (=the engine stopped working).

Look out:             Look out! There is a car coming. (= be careful)

Get up:                 I was very tired this morning. I couldn´t get up. (= get out of bed)

Get by:                  My French is not very good but it is enough to get by ( to manage)

                   

Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition. For example:

Phrasal verb                       preposition
Run away (escape)            from     * Why did you run away from me?
Keep up (continue)           with      * You are walking too fast. I can´t keep up with you.
Look forward (wait)          to         * Are you looking forward to your holiday?
Cut down (reduce)            on         * Jack is trying to cut down on smoking

Sometimes a phrasal verb has an object. Usually there are two possible positions for the object.

So you can say:

                         Object  
I turned off     the light                I turned     the light      off
                                                                        object

If the object is a pronoun (it / them / me / him, etc.), only one position is possible:

I  turned   it  off                        Not   I turned off it.

Taken by English grammar in use.

PHRASAL VERBS

SEPARABLE TWO WORDS VERBS

ASK OUT	Ask someone for a date
BREAK DOWN	Separate into parts
CALL BACK	Return a call
CALL OFF	Cancel
CALL UP	Call on the phone
CHECK OUT	Investigate; take a book out of the library
CLEAN UP	Clean
DO OVER	Repeat
FIGURE OUT	Solve a problem, find an answer
FILL IN / OUT	Complete
FIND OUT	Discover
GET UP	Make someone leave his or her bed
GIVE BACK	return
HAVE ON	Wear
KEEP OUT (OF)	Not allow someone to enter
LOOK UP	Look for information in a book
MAKE UP	Invent or create
PAY BACK	Return money
PICK OUT	Choose
PICK UP	Clean, go and get someone or something
PUT BACK	Return something to its place
PUT OFF	Postpone
PUT ON	Put clothes on the body
PUT OUT	Extinguish a fire
TAKE DOWN	Destroy, lower
TAKE OUT	Take someone on a date; remove
THROW AWAY / OUT	Throw into the garbage
THROW UP	Vomit
TURN DOWN	Decrease the volume
TURN IN	Give an assignment to a teacher, or a boss
TURN OFF	Stop a machine or light
TURN ON	Start a machine or light
TURN UP	Increase the volume
WAKE UP	Make someone stop sleeping

INSEPARABLE TWO WORDS VERBS

BREAK DOWN	Stop working
CALL ON	Visit
CHECK IN / INTO	Register at a hotel
CHECK INTO	Investigate
CHECK OUT / OF	Leave a hotel
COME BACK	Return
GET BACK	Return
GET IN / INTO	Enter a car, taxi, etc; arrive
GET OFF	Leave a bus, etc
GET ON	Enter a plane, bus, etc
GET OUT	Leave a place or a car
GIVE UP	Stop trying
GO BACK	Return
GO OVER	Review
GROW UP	Become an adult
KEEP ON	Continue
KEEP UP	Stay at the same position
LOOK AFTER	Take care of
LOOK FOR	Search
LOOK INTO	Investigate
LOOK OUT	Be careful
PASS AWAY	Die
PASS	Lose consciousness
SIT DOWN	Stop standing and sit
SHOW UP	Appear; come
STAND UP	Stop sitting or lying and stand
STAY OUT	No participate; not enter
TAKE OFF	Remove clothes from the body / leave
TALK ABOUT	Discuss
TURN OUT	Come, go
WAIT ON	Serve
WAKE UP	Stop sleeping
WARM UP	Get ready / exercise for a short time
WATCH OUT (FOR)	Be careful

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PAST PERFECT

   PAST PERFECT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
   


Sarah went to a party last week.         Paul went to the party too, but they didn´t see each other.


Paul went home at 10: 30 and Sarah arrived at 11: 00 o´clock.  So...

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn´t there. He had gone home.

HAD GONE is the past perfect.

I      /     YOU   /     WE            / THEY      HE  /    SHE  / IT	HAD	(  I´D   ) ( HE´D)	GONE
			SEEN
			FINISHED, ETC

The past perfect simple is HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE 

Sometimes we talk about something that happenen in the past:

Sarah arrived at the party .

This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect.

* When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. 

* Karen didn´t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

HAD DONE is the past of HAVE DONE .

Compare the past perfect (I had done) and the past simple ( I did). 

Ann wasn´t at home when I phoned. She was in London

Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London.

ACTIVITIES

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-exercise-1.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3gAU0EjfUM

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NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT

                            

Definition of narrative

Prince: “The representation . . . of one or more real or fictive events communicated by one, two or several . . . narrators . . . to one, two or several narratees.”

A narratee is a person or character to whom a narrative is addressed.

The definition of narrative text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

The purpose of narrative text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

Generic Structures of Narrative Text
1) Orientation

Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication

Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.

3) Resolution

The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda

This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice  or  teaching  from  the writer.

Elements of narrative structure

Plot

•         Sequence of events involving characters in conflict situations.

•         Plot is based on the goals of one or more characters and the processes they go through to attain these goals.

•         Beginning, middle, end or introduction, problem, and resolution

Characters

•      The people or personified animals who are involved in the story.

•      Fully developed characters have many character traits

•      Appearance

•      Action

•      Dialogue

•      Monologue

Setting

Components of setting:

•      Location

•      Weather

•      Time Period

•      Time of Day

Theme

•      The underlying meaning of a story.

•      Truths about human nature.

–     Characters’ emotions and feelings

–     They can be explicit (stated openly) or implicit (suggested)

Point of view

First Person

–     Story is told through eyes of one person

–     Reader experiences story as the narrator views it

–     Found mostly in picture books

Third Person

–     Used so readers can know the viewpoint of one character

–     The author is godlike: sees and knows all

–     Found mostly in chapter books

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